I can see the following:
1. Includes may be wrapped with different pragmas that may affect compilation and make structures incompatible (e.g. different #pragma pack).
2. IDE may not insert int 3s in the right places when debugging - breakpoint may not always fire, even in debug mode with no inlining.
3. If you put method pointers into a list and rely on pointer comparison for business logic (e.g. dedup or removal), this can be screwed up.
I am trying to think if there are any other cases. (Anything with class inheritance/VMT/dynamic casts/type checks? Anything you've debugged that had root cause of having implementation in headers? :))
Upd.:
4. In case of DLL, the code might get to client library instead and cause version problems.
5. Compilation speed! Code in headers will cause slow down.
